I have received several E-mails over the last few weeks that suggest that the economics…
Flat earth theorists – dumb but sneaky
Last year (May 2009) I wrote that Flat Earth theory returns – budget aftermath. In that blog, I asked the reader to imagine the time when it was the mainstream view that the Earth was flat, representing an infinite plane. The view largely died at around 3 BC but there are still some characters out there who worry about falling off the South Pole. After all the Nile River runs for thousands of kilometres and drops barely a few feet over that distance which doesn’t fit well with convexity does it? We have been referring to the hysterical commentators and lobby groups who are seeking to undermine the use of fiscal policy as deficit terrorists. However, when I think about term it actually gives these characters too much credit. Terrorists are probably smart and possess skill notwithstanding that they are usually misguided. So we have decided to resurrect the term I used in that blog last year – flat earth theorists (FETs) – because that association more adequately captures how mindless they are.
As I wrote last year, the current attacks on the use of budget deficits and the arguments being used to justify harsh austerity measures just when the economy needs more fiscal support has about as much wisdom as those who believed that the Earth was flat. We are being told that we are leaving massive tax burdens for our children. We are being told that governments which issue their currency will have to default.
Japan’s new PM is claiming they have run out of money, hot on the heels of the US President making the same declaration last year. Funny thing that – the US government is still spending. In Japan’s case, they are considering harsh new taxes to help them “pay” for their public debt and will revisit 1997 if they actually follow through on their misguided rhetoric.
We also have the hyperventilators who think inflation then hyperinflation is just around the corner despite the directional tendency at present being firm towards the deflationary path. Never mind, they are buying gold. I hope they have some cash left over to pay their taxes.
We are also hearing that the US’s is likely to compromise its national security because it will run out of money and will not be able to buy enough armaments. The obvious retort is that perhaps if they buy less armaments and stop hassling people around the world so much their national security might actually rise. But the main focus is this worry that the nation is running out money.
So this strange and raucous collection of odd-balls – mainstream economists, politicians, conservative moralists, media barons, etc are making so much noise – that you would think we are all heading for the Armageddon – we are all about to fall over the edge!
In May last year and again today I affirm that I am staying grounded! Here is the reason why.
I suggest the FETs all take a look at this picture which was reproduced from the 1550 edition of On the Sphere of the World, which was a dominant astronomy textbook in Europe in the C13th and argued that the world was spherical.
Even with this, so-called “scientists” still kept standing in rivers with telescopes and followed the path of boats to prove they didn’t disappear before their eyes.
Clearly, a thorough understanding of the way planets form and the physics that govern their relationships and the empirical evidence that emerges from that understanding negates Flat Earth theory categorically.
Equally a thorough understanding of the way modern monetary systems operate and the dynamics that govern the relationships between government and non-government and the overwhelming empirical evidence that emerges from that understanding tells us that:
- The central bank sets the short-term interest rate based on its policy aspirations.
- Government spending is independent of borrowing and the latter best thought of as coming after spending.
- Government spending provides the net financial assets (bank reserves) which ultimately represent the funds used by the non-government agents to purchase the debt.
- Budget deficits that are not accompanied by corresponding monetary operations (debt-issuance) put downward pressure on interest rates contrary to the myths that appear in macroeconomic textbooks about ‘crowding out’.
- The “penalty for not borrowing” is that the interest rate will fall to the bottom of the “corridor” prevailing in the country which may be zero if the central bank does not offer a return on reserves.
- Government debt-issuance is a “monetary policy” operation rather than being intrinsic to fiscal policy, although in a modern monetary paradigm the distinctions between monetary and fiscal policy as traditionally defined are moot.
- Governments do not spend by “printing money”. They spend by creating deposits in the private banking system. Clearly, some currency is in circulation which is “printed” but that is a separate process from the daily spending and taxing flows.
- There has been no mention of where they get the credits and debits come from! The short answer is that the spending comes from no-where. Suffice to say that a sovereign government, as the monopoly issuer of its own currency is not revenue-constrained. This means it does not have to “finance” its spending unlike a household, which uses the fiat currency.
- Any coincident issuing of government debt (bonds) has nothing to do with “financing” the government spending.
- The public debt burden will never be so large that our future generations will have to endure high taxes to meet the necessity to “pay the debt back”.
But by their daily utterances in the public domain the deficit terrorists – I mean the Flat Earthers (FETs) out there – are still fighting against this knowledge drawn from understanding how the system actually works. They probably would have believed the Earth was flat too in another age.
For more information about the Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) principles summarised above please read – Deficit spending 101 – Part 1 – Deficit spending 101 – Part 2 – Deficit spending 101 – Part 3.
For example, last week (June 8, 2010), the UK Telegraph published a story – Ex-City minister Lord Myners attacks Labour’s economic record
Lord Myners is the classic example of how so-called progressive parties have messed up when they have been in government. He is an ex banker and was brought into Gordon Brown’s government in October 2008, as credit was drying up everywhere. He is not a Labour man at all although he now holds a Labour peerage.
But the point is that the so-called progressive parties have undermined themselves repeatedly during the neo-liberal years by thinking it is clever to bring in these characters who haven’t the slightest empathy with the working class and the unemployed. So we are seeing neo-liberal FETs clogging up key economic policy making positions in our governments and undermining progressive policy development.
Anyway, now the Labour party is out of office, like a rat, Myners has now “launched an extraordinary attack on the Labour government in which he served”. However, he is a bit late, the ship has already sunk.
The UK Telegraph wrote that:
Lord Myners said that though there would have to be considerable spending cuts … The peer said he had been frustrated by his ex-colleagues’ “flawed thinking” on the economy. He also insisted there was “nothing progressive” about running up huge public debt … There is nothing progressive about a government that consistently spends more than it can raise in taxation and certainly nothing progressive that endows generations to come with the liabilities incurred with respect to the current generation.
First, I agree with him on one point. There is nothing “progressive” about increasing public debt. In fact, it is a demonstration of the hold that the neo-liberals have on policy that governments are still issuing public debt at all.
The current way that fiscal policy is conducted – which sees the government issuing debt $-for-$ to match any spending over tax revenue – is an artefact from the old gold standard, convertible currency, fixed exchange rate days which ended in 1971. Governments after that time were no longer revenue-constrained given the fiat nature of the currency.
As a result, the conservatives had to work out another way to keep government activity low except where spending or handouts would benefit the top-end-of-town, then all the FET was abandoned before you could blink. They realised that rising public debt carries such opprobrium that they would hassle governments to maintain (and even expand) the institutional machinery that manages the public debt stock for the government.
The point is that the progressive position would be to abandon all public debt issue in recognition that: (a) the government is not revenue-constrained; and (b) the public debt issuance is just a form of corporate welfare.
Please read my blog – On voluntary constraints that undermine public purpose – for more discussion of this topic.
But equally, that is not the position that Myners takes. He is in the FET camp failing to understand that the debt is just non-government wealth and the interest payments non-government income – both of which are desirable.
Like all FETs, Myners is obsessed with his opinion and characterises it by constant reference to largely meaningless financial ratios like the budget deficit to GDP ratio and and the public debt ratio.
So a progressive would look at the rising debt ratio and say so what? Myners get stuck at that point because he thought the ratio was it! Wrong. A rising public debt ratio (of the proportions we have witnessed in the last two years) is a sign that something drastic has happened to private spending – a collapse no less.
And a collapse in private spending means that output and employment growth will be also heading south and urgent fiscal intervention is required.
Second, if you then understand that point which is basic Macroeconomics 101, then it is clear you will also disagree with the current policy bias towards cutting government spending. At this point in time, with private spending still very subdued and in danger of going backwards again, the need for fiscal support is manifest.
In Australia, the Australian Bureau of Statistics released its latest Dwelling Unit Commencements data for March yesterday (June 16, 2010).
It showed that residential construction in Australia is only growing because of the public housing projects which were part of the second fiscal stimulus last year. Without the public spending, that industry would be in deep trouble.
There are stories like this popping up every day in every nation.
The lesson – cut government spending now and you will drive your economies back into recession and the public debt ratio will rise even faster.
Third, his statement reflects an ignorance of the role that fiscal policy plays in supporting aggregate demand and providing the “finance” for private saving to be maintained at desired levels.
Basic Macroeconomics 101 tells us that at any point in time, full capacity output is determined by the employment level consistent with all workers being able to work their desired hours times labour productivity (how much each unit of working hour produces). That is what we think of when we talk about aggregate supply. It is the maximum that the economy can produce given the current technology and desires of the available workforce.
On the other side of the equation, total spending (which buys this output) is compromised on private, public and external components. So household consumption and private investment plus government spending plus net exports constitute what we call aggregate demand.
If aggregate demand happens to be sufficient to absorb all the output that the fully employed economy produces then we are in a desirable state. Households will be able to save as much as they desire and all available workers will be able to find a job (subject to some moving between jobs and being unemployed for short periods of time only).
So from that state, imagine a fall in private investment. If nothing else happens, then aggregate demand will fall short of the full employment output level.
The normal inventory-cycle view of what happens next goes like this. Output and employment are functions of aggregate spending. Firms form expectations of future aggregate demand and produce accordingly. They are uncertain about the actual demand that will be realised as the output emerges from the production process.
The first signal firms get that demand is falling is in the unintended build-up of inventories. That signals to firms that they were overly optimistic about the level of demand in that particular period.
Once this realisation becomes consolidated, that is, firms generally realise they have over-produced, output starts to fall. Firms layoff workers and the loss of income starts to multiply as those workers reduce their spending elsewhere.
At that point, the economy is heading for a recession.
Short of a dramatic rise in net exports, the only other way to avoid these spiralling employment losses is for an expanding public deficit.
If the public deficit does rise to offset the fall in private spending then aggregate demand can continue to support the high levels of output. Households will continue to reach their desired saving levels and employment will not fall.
What the FETs are encouraging governments to do, however, is exactly the opposite. At a time when private spending is either flat or falling and in both cases inadequate to support economic growth, they want governments to also withdraw its net spending position. It is clear that this worsens the situation because it drives the output gap up – that is, the difference between potential or full employment output and actual output, the latter being determined by the state of aggregate demand.
But as a FET, Myners hasn’t any comprehension of this. He was quoted as saying (reflecting back on his short stay in government):
I found it very frustrating to sit in meetings with some of my fellow ministers talking about creating jobs in the green economy, creating jobs in biotechnology. The Government can’t create jobs. The Government can create the environment which is conducive to the creation of jobs but it cannot create jobs and we mislead ourselves if we believe it can.
So I guess he didn’t have a real job himself while he was on the public purse and I imagine he has refunded all the salary he received during this period (net of the dole) because he was really unemployed.
Governments create millions of jobs. They create jobs every day – many of which serve our nations and communities with distinction. Public hospital staff; teachers and support staff in public schools; national park rangers; national broadcasters; defence personnel; fire-fighters; and on and on an on. All have real jobs that add value to the nation.
The government can always create jobs. It can always fund an unconditional minimum wage employment offer to anyone who cannot find work elsewhere.
FETs really need to take a walk to the edge!
There was a very rare piece of journalistic insight in the UK Guardian yesterday (June 16, 2010) in this article – In a recession, it’s government’s job to lean against market logic.
Written by one Bryan Gould, we were told that “John Maynard Keynes believed that government should enact ‘counter-cyclical’ fiscal policies, which go against the tide of the business cycle” and that:
It is a common assumption in rightwing thinking that the government should be regarded as merely an individual person or corporation writ large, and that it should therefore always act as a prudent individual would do. Although most individuals would plead guilty to the charge of borrowing in order to build or acquire an asset (like a house), the government – according to this view – must never spend beyond its means. In a recession, when individuals stop spending and investing, and the government’s tax revenues therefore decline, the government must also slam on the brakes.
Gould is referring to the erroneous claim by the FETs (and all mainstream economists) that the government budget is analogous to the household budget.
A national government in a fiat monetary system has specific capacities relating to the conduct of the sovereign currency. It is the only body that can issue this currency. It is a monopoly issuer, which means that the government can never be revenue-constrained in a technical sense (voluntary constraints ignored). This means exactly this – it can spend whenever it wants to and has no imperative to seeks funds to facilitate the spending.
This is in sharp contradistinction with a household (generalising to any non-government entity) which uses the currency of issue. Households have to fund every dollar they spend either by earning income, running down saving, and/or borrowing.
Clearly, a household cannot spend more than its revenue indefinitely because it would imply total asset liquidation then continuously increasing debt. A household cannot sustain permanently increasing debt. So the budget choices facing a household are limited and prevent permanent deficits.
These household dynamics and constraints can never apply intrinsically to a sovereign government in a fiat monetary system.
A sovereign government does not need to save to spend – in fact, the concept of the currency issuer saving in the currency that it issues is nonsensical.
A sovereign government can sustain deficits indefinitely without destabilising itself or the economy and without establishing conditions which will ultimately undermine the aspiration to achieve public purpose.
Further, the sovereign government is the sole source of net financial assets (created by deficit spending) for the non-government sector. All transactions between agents in the non-government sector net to zero. For every asset created in the non-government sector there is a corresponding liability created $-for-$. No net wealth can be created. It is only through transactions between the government and the non-government sector create (destroy) net financial assets in the non-government sector.
This accounting reality means that if the non-government sector wants to net save in the currency of issue then the government has to be in deficit $-for-$. The accumulated wealth in the currency of issue is also the accounting record of the accumulated deficits $-for-$.
So when the government runs a surplus, the non-government sector has to be in deficit. There are distributional possibilities between the foreign and domestic components of the non-government sector but overall that sector’s outcome is the mirror image of the government balance.
Gould then said of the conservative (FET) position:
This completely overlooks the responsibility of governments during a recession to lean against the logic of the market. As Keynes saw, a government that behaves in a recession as everyone else behaves will simply make the recession worse. It is the special role of government in that situation not to retrench but to use its huge resources, its ability to create new money through “quantitative easing”, and its responsibility to take the longer view and to act in the common interest, in order to stimulate the level of economic activity so as to shorten the recession and thereby restore its own financial position as soon as possible.
A government that ignores that responsibility and focuses narrowly on its own short-term financial position is likely to see the recession last longer with inevitable longer-term consequences for its own tax revenues and finances. A braver government that lives with a deficit as its contribution to a counter-recessionary strategy will see its tax revenues recover faster and – paradoxically, it may seem – bring the deficit under control sooner than it would otherwise have done.
Gould is a bit loose around the edges (for example, his reference to quantitative easing is erroneous) but generally, he clearly understands the role of fiscal policy.
The point is that if you are worried (needlessly) about the financial ratios, your only hope of easing your nerves is to advocate growth. Austerity is anti-growth and self-defeating.
So the Flat Earth Theorists are really conspiring to undermine the living standards around the world.
Talking about conspiracies …
I was sent a copy of an article that appeared in the Cato Journal Vol 3 No 2, which was published in 1983. The paper is entitled – Achieving a Leninist Strategy – and in case you are wondering is about designing a campaign to privatise the US social security system.
If you were ever in any doubt that conspiracies exist you might like to read it. It is comical but reflects how dangerous the right-wing FET think tanks are.
The Cato Institute claim they are committed to “limited government, free markets, individual liberty, and peace”. Which is code for total joke!
The background to the paper is that the manic-right wing Heritage Foundation held a conference in 1982 – Rebuilding Social Security. You can read historical documentation from that time HERE – but only if you want your time.
Reading any contemporary document attacking the US social security system will appear to be identical. In the early 1980s (that is 30 years ago) the right were predicting the impending collapse of the American system – the fund would go broke and the fiscal strain would be unsustainable. Exactly what they are saying again – but now – 30 years on.
The article referred to was presented at the conference and its authors were Stuart Butler and Peter Germanis, both from the Heritage Foundation although Butler was also a director at the Cato Institute.
The paper’s title reflects their claim that:
Unlike many other socialists at the time, Lenin recognized that fundamental change is contingent both upon ta movement’s ability to create a focused political coalition and upon its success in isolating and weakening its opponents … As we contemplate basic reform of the Social Security system, we would do well to draw a few lessons from the Leninist strategy (emphasis in the original).
So they are outlining the beginnings of a political strategy. The refute the idea that taxpayers will be easily mobilised if someone mounts a simple argument that the social security system “would be vastly improved if it were restructured into a predominantly private system”.
They claim there is a “firm coalition behind the present … system” which is effective. Given that:
we must recognize that we need more than a manifesto … What we must do is construct a coalition that will gain directly from its implementation. That coalition should consist not only those who will reap benefits from the IRA-based private system … proposed but also the banks, insurance companies, and other institutions that will gain from providing such plans to the public.
So appeal to vested interests who gain from the privatisation to become the vanguard to lobby for legislative change.
They also outline a plan to calm the existing beneficiaries that might perceive they would lose. They specifically identify the “political power of the elderly” and thus propose “neutralizing the most powerful element of the coalition that opposes” the privatisation.
Their plan of action is then outlined. They first wanted to start white anting the then system:
The first element consists of a campaign to achieve small legislative changes that embellish the present IRA system, making it in practice a small-scale private Social Security system that can supplement the federal system. As part of this campaign, the natural constituency for an enlarged IRA system must be identified and welded into a coalition for political change. If these objectives are achieved, we will meet the next financial crisis in Social Security with a private alternative ready in the wings – an alternative with which the public is familiar and comfortable, and one that has the backing of a powerful political force.
So change the system by stealth. So much for liberty!
The next proposal confirms their intentions:
The second main element in our reform strategy involves what one might crudely call guerrilla warfare against both the current Social Security system and the coalition that supports it.
This guerrilla war involves a mass indoctrination campaign, and using “methods of neutralizing, buying out, or winning over key segments of the Social Security coalition” to undermine support for it. “The aim is to weaken political support for the present system when the next financial crisis appears”.
So this leads them to propose the private model.
They see this as a political process and involves “(b)uilding a constituency for Social Security reform” which:
… requires mobilizing the various coalitions that stand to benefit from the change, Such a constituency is already extensive, but mobilizing it could become a self-generating process … The business community, and financial institutions in particular, would be an obvious element in the constituency. Not only does business have a great deal to gain from a reform effort designed to stimulate private savings, but it also has the power to be politically influential and to be instrumental in mounting a public education campaign … The banking industry’s ability to lobby and garner support for the repeal effort led many in Congress to reverse their earlier votes. Financial institutions, likewise, have been extremely effective in marketing various
types of savings plans …
So drag in the corporate sector who see the dollars that will flow to them as a result of the privatisation.
They set out an elaborate plan to “weaken” the opposition.
This paper from two very senior conservative voices at the time is a very clear demonstration of the way in which these think tanks work to push their political and ideological position.
Conclusion
That is enough for today!
You are quite right to characterize Lord Mynors as a ‘rat deserting a sinking ship’. He was actually brought in to organize the bailout for the banks. Now he’s complaining about the Deficit. Unbelievable.
Bill
I think that you meant to link to the dwelling commencment data that was released yesterday, not last wednesday’s housing finance commitment numbers.
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/F956C0D2E4E7FEA0CA2568B7001B4594?OpenDocument
The RBA updated table D08 today, which shows that for the March 2010 Qtr, business finance approvals were still dropping.
Neal.
Dear Neil
Thanks. I indeed did mean the Dwelling Unit Commencements.
best wishes
bill
We (in Europe) does now live in the strange times when Wall St. lackeys like Geithner and Summers together with genuine conservative right-wingers like Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, Martin Wolf sound like commons sense echoes of an gone by 1930s of liberals and social democrats that in today’s definitions was lefties, while many of today’s social democrats sound as an echo of 1930s conservative deflationary gold bugs. The Swedish social-democrat leader recently made a call for tightening of the S&G pact, severer punishment for the sinners and 3% budget deficit was way too lax, not even budget balance was sufficient there ought to be budget surplus to “ensure growth” as she put it.
The European political lemming exodus towards the edge of the flat earth is now probably beyond inevitable.
One hundred Italian economists in a desperate call to stop the madness:
Lettera di 100 economisti contro la manovra e la linea (europea) dell’austerità
“Government spending is independent of borrowing and the latter best thought of as coming after spending.”
I’ve noticed you’ve tweaked your language on this lately. You wouldn’t do that without good reason. I suspect it’s because you see the value in improving on the precision of a good idea, where possible.
I don’t think it’s quite there yet. Again, my view is that the logical problem arises in confusing counterfactual with factual.
The counterfactual is that the government doesn’t need to borrow. It’s that simple. So you could say that government spending doesn’t require borrowing. Again – simple. Then you are saying that there is a “natural” alternative to borrowing, which is not borrowing, which the government is quite capable of implementing operationally. That’s consistent with one type of MMT proposal, without commanding it.
The factual is what the government actually does now. It doesn’t borrow directly using central bank credit. It borrows from the market. It has a deposit account. It spends from that deposit account. It adopts efficient cash management practices in order to minimize/optimize balances in that account. It is not allowed to go overdraft in that account because that would be equivalent to direct central bank credit. Because it seeks it maintain a modest average balance in that deposit account, and because it borrows in a lumpy manner, it must generally borrow before exacting an equivalent quantum of deficit spending. That is all operational and according to current constraints. That is the factual. The government for the most part now borrows before it spends.
The logic is that it doesn’t really need to do this. And there is an easy counterfactual to accomplish this.
So I think there is only one possible way to think correctly about the idea of borrowing coming after spending. That is to assume the counterfactual as the “natural” base case, and the self-imposed borrowing constraints as superimposed on that base case. Yet this is quite a different idea than that of borrowing coming after spending within the factual operation. And it’s different idea again than borrowing coming after spending within the counterfactual operation (which is possible, but not terribly relevant, as the counterfactual generally assumes no borrowing at all). So the idea that’s left is that the factual operation somehow falls logically after the counterfactual operation. But this is awkward as well, since in that sense you start with your conclusion.
So my suggestion is to abandon the language used to date, and start referring explicitly to a counterfactual that is operationally available anytime the government chooses. And furthermore, MMT has formalized that counterfactual among its own proposed policy options.
Just about everybody wonders why I harp about this.
Yet you’ve tweaked your language lately.
Maybe there’s something to it.
We have seen where austerity may have weakened a recovery. I don’t have time or resourses to give you details, but check out the “second depression” of 1937 in the United States, which some argue was brought about by an attempt to reign in relief spending at about that time.
Europe has a very bleak economic future:
Germany’s proposed huge spending cuts is taken as an example here in Belgium as good policy, in articles in prominent newspapers. Due to the falling euro, which benefits the German export economy most, their economy might be able to grow again, and their balancing efforts might succeed, the budget might even go into surplus if the external surplus is large enough. The same for the other exporters (Netherlands…).
The non-exporting countries, however, not being able to rely on exports as a source of demand and their economies being stagnant or shrinking without government deficits, will not be able to balance the budget. The German growth will then be seen as the result of their successful spending cuts, and the non-exporting economies lack of growth the result of their “profligacy”…
There is now economic miracles going on in Europe, Latvia has become a net exporter of cars. This is a true miracle then Latvia doesn’t produce even the tiniest little car.
Well if you didn’t guess it, car dealer’s foreclosure cars and have no other choice but to export them abroad where there are people who can afford to buy them.
—
Ambrose Evans-Pritchard – telegraph.co.uk:
“Ireland, Spain, and Portugal have already tipped into outright deflation. Ireland’s nominal GDP has contracted 18.6pc since the peak. They are falling deeper into an Irving Fisher debt-deflation trap.
This is reactionary folly.
The College of European Commission should be taken out and horse-whipped outside the Breydel Building for demanding yet further cuts from Spain – which is already cutting wages 5pc this year, in an economy where total public /private debt is 280pc of GDP or more. …
As for Germany, frankly it is hard to know what to say. It is astonishing that Chancellor Merkel should unveil an €80bn package of fiscal retrenchment without consulting with the rest of Europe. This has raised the bar for everybody else, forcing them into yet further contractionary policies to keep up. …
EMU has become an infernal machine.“
“We also have the hyperventilators who think inflation then hyperinflation is just around the corner despite the directional tendency at present being firm towards the deflationary path. Never mind, they are buying gold. I hope they have some cash left over to pay their taxes.”
In the UK, CPI is running at +3.4% and RPI is at +5.1%.
In Australia CPI is +2.9%.
I guess I must be missing somehting….where is this “deflationary path”?
Anon: “Maybe there’s something to it.”
Those of us who favor no bonds likely would agree that the counterfactual is the logical lede rather than the factual, which is a holdover, and probably would not have occurred if it had not been already in place in a convertible fixed rate regime. I think it makes MMT simpler to understand to just say that since a monetarily sovereign government that is the monopoly issuer is not financially constrained, it has no need to fund itself with taxes or finance itself with debt issuance. Then, get right into the principles of functional finance. One or two concise paragraphs would probably be sufficient to deliver the basic message.
“I think it makes MMT simpler to understand to just say that since a monetarily sovereign government that is the monopoly issuer is not financially constrained, it has no need to fund itself with taxes or finance itself with debt issuance.”
I think that’s quite a good starting point.
“In the UK, CPI is running at +3.4% and RPI is at +5.1%.”
Gamma,
I understand that when you take out the effect of tax changes the underlying rate is much lower and is heading down. RPI is being kept artificially high by the corrupt lending decisions of the banks inflating house prices at the expense of lending to businesses.
If,
“Budget deficits that are not accompanied by corresponding monetary operations (debt-issuance) put downward pressure on interest rates contrary to the myths that appear in macroeconomic textbooks about ‘crowding out’.
The “penalty for not borrowing” is that the interest rate will fall to the bottom of the “corridor” prevailing in the country which may be zero if the central bank does not offer a return on reserves.”
how do you explain economies like the US and Japan with massive debt issuance and yet interest rates are falling toward the bottom of the corridor? I hope you do a write-up explaining this specific issue some day. 🙂
Dear Greg
You asked:
They only have to leave a small amount of excess reserves in the system for the competitive forces to drive the rate to zero. They can still issue debt. Just not enough to drain all the reserves.
best wishes
bill
Hi Bill.
Thanks for the explanation.
This leads me to conclude that if the public sector does not wish to deficit spend, it may be able to obtain the same stimulative effects by issuing less debt. Seems to me that debt issuance serves the same purpose as taxes. ie price stability through controlling the amount of money free to circulate and chase ends. Without debt issuance, I believe holders of currency would be more likely to spend / invest the money back into the economy, especially foreign holders.
Tim, I wonder how long it is going to take the rest of the EZ countries to wake up and realize that Germany is establishing the Fourth Reich through the EZ. Of course, I don’t mean this in the sense of a resurgence of National Socialism, but rather through financial and economic imperialism. What Germany failed to do with armaments in two wars, it is doing successfully through effective control of the euro, all the while professing solidarity, but with “discipline.” Europe is dancing to Germany’s tune and adopting austerity in the name of “fiscal discipline” and “getting the house it order.” Alles ist in Ordnung! as they say.
People do not hold cash. They hold demand deposits, at whatever level they need in order to fund near term consumption. The remaining financial surpluses are invested in some instrument. Whoever gets the investment then holds the deposit. In this way, everyone holds exactly the level of deposits that they want, and the banks are left with any excess cash. The financial sector absorbs the discrepancy between the assets that lenders want to hold and the assets that are available. You are only affected via interest rate changes. E.g. with no bonds, it would be difficult for banks to pay interest on demand deposits, but on the other hand the yield curve would be steeper, meaning higher levels of bank profits. So some interest income paid to depositors and commercial paper holders would be diverted to bank shareholders.
But the point about foreign holders is an interesting one. If the U.S. does not supply risk-free securities then there is a good chance that foreign central banks will shift to holding some other nation’s risk-free securities, rather than rolling over the debt into corporate bonds. That would quickly take care of our trade deficit.
Agencies are the question mark here — they are stealth substitutes for treasuries, and it would be good to hear what the MMT position is regarding agencies. I think they are against selling them, too.
I repeat the request that those advocating for zero rates and no bonds come up with a serious economic analysis, combined with reasonable models, that shows what the effects of the proposal would be on wealth distribution, employment, consumption, and output, rather than arguing about natural laws and such.
I don’t know, Tom, do you really think that Germany benefits by loaning a lot of money to the periphery to buy German goods, and then having the periphery declare bankruptcy? And how about the economic distortions applied to domestic German producers — how will they survive financially if prices are set so that large exports need to be sold in order to profitably employ German workers? That will require one hell of a painful adjustment, not less than the internal devaluations being demanded of the periphery.
Again, there is too much partial equilibrium analysis going on here. Germany is hurting itself as well as others in the EZ. Basically all the major economies, including asia, have created a network of interlocking debts and prices that require unsustainable income flows in order to avoid mass cross-industry and cross-border liquidation. That the other nations are being hurt first doesn’t equate to “alles ist in ordnung”.
“Agencies are the question mark here – they are stealth substitutes for treasuries, and it would be good to hear what the MMT position is regarding agencies. I think they are against selling them, too.”
I believe there is a fundamental difference between agency debt and treasuries. Funds obtained through agency debt sales actually go toward economic activity ( eg Sallie Mae debt keeping the education sector going, Fannie and Freddie and home construction, etc). Funds obtained through treasury sales don’t do anything except temporarily take money out of circulation. Funds obtained through income taxes permanently remove money from circulation.
OT..MMT certainly makes it a bit more difficult to pay one’s taxes. Taxes are so much easier to pay when you believe that the money is going to provide roads, parks, police, etc. Knowing that one’s tax dollars are at best just helping to provide price stability doesn’t provide that same patriotic feeling.
Bill,
Thank you for keeping up your relentless crusade. I’m not sure how you can keep repeating the same thing over and over but every time you do, I think it becomes easier and easier to understand.
Am I the only one that thinks Bill’s style is becoming more and more succinct, especially to the layman?
For example this post covers so many bases and is easy to read for the uninitiated. Keep up your good work!
Cheers
RSJ, I didn’t say Germany was going to win this “war.” Depends on who blinks.
For example, the Icelandic pols blinked, but the people voted that down, sticking the foreign banks. Of course, now the Brits are threatening to derail Iceland’s EU track, but the Icelanders would be fortunate if they do.
It’s going to get interesting, and it will also be interesting to watch how all this shakes out.
Greg: “OT..MMT certainly makes it a bit more difficult to pay one’s taxes. Taxes are so much easier to pay when you believe that the money is going to provide roads, parks, police, etc. Knowing that one’s tax dollars are at best just helping to provide price stability doesn’t provide that same patriotic feeling.”
I don’t see that as OT. It’s central to the political dynamic that is driving all this. It’s kind of like trying to keep teens in the dark about the facts of life as long as possible, like they used to do. Yeah, sex is a problem when all those hormones are going wild, but it’s a problem that can’t be solved by pretending it doesn’t exist or making thing up.
SRW: Austerity is stupid, stimulus is dangerous, lying is optimal, economic choices are not scalar
“Even with this, so-called “scientists” still kept standing in rivers with telescopes and followed the path of boats to prove they didn’t disappear before their eyes.”
Err, that would prove that they did disappear. The ancient Greeks used that fact (and the fact that the masts disappeared last) to argue that the world is round.
“We also have the hyperventilators who think inflation then hyperinflation is just around the corner despite the directional tendency at present being firm towards the deflationary path.”
Would you please address the more sophisticated argument (by Silvio Gesell) that in a recession or depression, if all governments are on fiat currencies and the government increases the money supply to match non-governmental savings and buys financial assets, when demand returns you can get a hyperinflationary spiral? Thanks. 🙂
Greg: “OT..MMT certainly makes it a bit more difficult to pay one’s taxes. Taxes are so much easier to pay when you believe that the money is going to provide roads, parks, police, etc. Knowing that one’s tax dollars are at best just helping to provide price stability doesn’t provide that same patriotic feeling.”
IMO, the rhetoric is wrong. It’s like,”Just tap a few computer keys and bingo!” and, “They tear up your tax payments anyway.”
Sorry, they don’t tear them up before they clear the bank. I’ve noticed. 😉
I think that it is quite possible to be consistent with MMT and think that your taxes do pay for roads, parks, police, clinics, and so on. A good metaphor, perhaps, is having a rich uncle who has deep pockets and will help out, but who will not just give you everything. In fact, he stops paying when the system is threatened, and there may be times when he asks you to pay more of your share. Paternalistic, perhaps, but conservatives like paternalism, don’t they? 😉
Hello Min.
I believe that no matter how rich my uncle has become, he still must earn or get money by capturing it through economic activity. He cannot create money. So if he is “helping me out” he is doing so at the expense of his own consumption or some alternative end use of funds. A monopoly issuer of currency isn’t bound by such constraints. So its system can never be actually “threatened” as it cannot become insolvent nor run out of money. (Although it’s free to mesmerize itself into believing it’s threatened and behave accordingly.) My uncle can actually run out of money.
Also, I see you’ve never paid your taxes in cash. 🙂 But seriously, if you pay your taxes by check or electronic transfer, they must first obtain access to the funds from your account through the banking system, and then they destroy them.
Tom,
I don’t think Germany is out to build another empire. They would rather force the “bad” southern europeans out of the euro, if they could.
Also, spending cuts are highly popular here in the north of Belgium, and in the Netherlands too I guess, judging from their recent election. So it is not only Germany.
Here in Belgium the dividing line between spending cuts or not seems to be the language barrier between north/dutch speaking and south/french speaking. Politicians in the south are fare more reluctant to cut spending. Which is interesting. This different policy stance has been going on for years, resulting in increased nationalism.
Tim: “They would rather force the “bad” southern europeans out of the euro, if they could.”
That’s an interesting take that I have not heard over here, Tim. The impression I get is that any break up of the EZ would be contagious, moving from PIIGS to France, effectively dismantling the EZ. In fact, a lot of traders are betting heavily on that scenario. The sentiment is that the EZ nations are trying to avoid this, including Germany, but Germany won’t bend enough to give the periphery space.
Min: Would you please address the more sophisticated argument (by Silvio Gesell) that in a recession or depression, if all governments are on fiat currencies and the government increases the money supply to match non-governmental savings and buys financial assets, when demand returns you can get a hyperinflationary spiral?
Silvio Gesell favored using the circulation of money instead of the amount as a tool to influence economic behavior. The amount of money can be increased greatly, but if it doesn’t circulate, money creation does nothing. This happens when money is hoarded. This is why FDR ended gold convertibility and prohibited private citizens from holding gold, for example.
Gesell recommended increasing the expense of holding money by charging negative interest in order to discourage hoarding. The opposite applies in the case of inflation, where people find it disadvantageous to hold money that is declining in value relative to goods. This can be addressed by making it advantageous to save through increasing interest rates, as Paul Volker did when his Fed raised rates to double digits. (I remember getting almost 20% on 3 mo T bills for a while. Can’t beat that.) Irving Fisher liked Gesell’s approach, and through Fisher it influenced US policy during the depression. Keynes praised it, too.
MMT prefers a targeted fiscal approach using functional finance that increases both the amount and velocity of money, e.g., by targeting injections to the bottom, where the funds will be spent quickly. Ideally this would involve using an automatic stabilization process to increase the amount and velocity of funds to stimulate demand counter-cyclically, and then vice versa pro-cyclically. Since it is impossible to fine-tune automatic stabilization, ad hoc adjustments would be required in exceptional circumstances.
Gesell’s basic idea that increasing the amount of money instead of circulation risks sparking inflation because increasing money without increasing velocity doesn’t do much, if anything. Look at the huge rise in the monetary base through QE. It sits as excess reserves. The concern is, however, that once a turn around begins, all the money will begin to circulate quickly and it will be difficult to control. This is already a subject of discussion.
Using interest rates as a tool is problematic for several reasons. First, Gesell’s idea of negative interest rates is out of paradigm, so it is difficult to institute. Thus, rates are at the lower bound but not low enough to increase circulation. So this is clearly not enough. Fiscal means are required. MMT would say that after a turnaround the nongovernment net financial assets that were increased can be decreased correspondingly by targeted taxation, which is preferable to the blunt instrument of raising interest rates and risking a pullback if rates rise too soon. The criticism of the MMT position is that raising interest rates is a lot easier than raising taxes, since the former only requires dictatorial action by the CB, whereas the latter requires legislative action, which is subject to political constraints and the process can be lengthy, coming too late even if successful in design.
Gesell had a lot of interesting ideas about how to restructure society, and The Natural Economic Order is worth revisiting.
Greg: “I believe that no matter how rich my uncle has become, he still must earn or get money by capturing it through economic activity. He cannot create money. So if he is “helping me out” he is doing so at the expense of his own consumption or some alternative end use of funds. A monopoly issuer of currency isn’t bound by such constraints. So its system can never be actually “threatened” as it cannot become insolvent nor run out of money. (Although it’s free to mesmerize itself into believing it’s threatened and behave accordingly.) My uncle can actually run out of money.”
You can’t take all of the properties of a metaphor over or it’s not a metaphor. 🙂 Rich Uncle can never run out of money. 😉
Greg: “Also, I see you’ve never paid your taxes in cash. But seriously, if you pay your taxes by check or electronic transfer, they must first obtain access to the funds from your account through the banking system, and then they destroy them.”
But they still account for them, and that makes it possible to have a consistent interpretation of MMT that includes the idea that taxes pay for things. It may not be the most parsimonious interpretation, but it is one that the average citizen can find familiar. 🙂
@Tom Hickey
Thanks for the explication of Gesell. 🙂
Tom: “MMT prefers a targeted fiscal approach using functional finance that increases both the amount and velocity of money, e.g., by targeting injections to the bottom, where the funds will be spent quickly. Ideally this would involve using an automatic stabilization process to increase the amount and velocity of funds to stimulate demand counter-cyclically, and then vice versa pro-cyclically. Since it is impossible to fine-tune automatic stabilization, ad hoc adjustments would be required in exceptional circumstances.”
I suppose that this would largely meet Gesell’s caveat that if the new money were actually spent on goods and services, the return of demand would not be so inflationary.
Tom: “Gesell’s basic idea that increasing the amount of money instead of circulation risks sparking inflation because increasing money without increasing velocity doesn’t do much, if anything. Look at the huge rise in the monetary base through QE. It sits as excess reserves. The concern is, however, that once a turn around begins, all the money will begin to circulate quickly and it will be difficult to control. This is already a subject of discussion.”
When I read the part of Gesell’s argument where he talks about the gov’t buying financial assets, I related it to QE. Are we screwed or not?
And if we do get significant inflation in a few years, the Gold Bugs will say, “Told you so”, and the Gold Standard mentality will only become more entrenched. And if oil production has peaked, can we avoid inflation?
Min: “When I read the part of Gesell’s argument where he talks about the gov’t buying financial assets, I related it to QE. Are we screwed or not?
And if we do get significant inflation in a few years, the Gold Bugs will say, “Told you so”, and the Gold Standard mentality will only become more entrenched. And if oil production has peaked, can we avoid inflation?”
MMT’ers like Bill have already shown the false logic of QE. Increasing the monetary base does nothing to increase either M or V, since banks loans against capital not reserves, and they only loan to creditworthy customers who demand loans. The excess reserves just sit there until the Fed decides to drain them, and having them there presents no inflationary risk, according to MMT.
Of course, if stupid decisions were to made, then untoward things would happen, and the explanations forthcoming would, of course, blame the usual suspects, regardless of the facts. Nothing new about this, and nothing that is reality-based. MMT is not a cure for either stupidity or disingenuousness.
Min: “I suppose that this would largely meet Gesell’s caveat that if the new money were actually spent on goods and services, the return of demand would not be so inflationary.”
Yes, he was concerned that the creation of new money would eventually be inflationary after a turnaround, because initially it would just be hoarded instead of spent immediately to increase demand as desired. According to MMT, this is the value of targeted fiscal policy over the blunt instrument of monetary policy, which involves unintended consequences, as Gesell was alluding.
Targeting funds to where they are needed and will be spent increases nominal aggregate demand not only by injecting funds but also insuring that they will result in transactions. Of course, Warren’s suggestion of a payroll tax holiday would have a similar effect, since it falls on workers and business. The tax holiday would free up funds for both consumer spending and investment (more jobs), especially by small business. Similarly, the federal government taking over some responsibilities that are presently the states’ would also save jobs that would otherwise be lost. Tyler Cowen suggests the federal government take over the full cost of Medicaid, for example. Again, aid targeted to the bottom that also relieves state burdens when tax receipts are down.
The Austerity Files
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dear herr professeur Billy
one has to disagree w/ last part headline should read: sneaky but not dumb. it is deliberate attack, in which concur in concluding quotes. this project beginning w/ old huggable old Whig Burke proceeding onto German school such as Mises et Hayek w/ their attraction for fascism saying prefer fascist state practicing their philosophy than democratic one w/o. (paraphrase of exact quote of one these boys.
one think goal is roll-back to 19th C CE where there very high permanent unemployment driving wages of working class to level of The Potato Eaters. et having live-in servants getting worn out hand-me-downs on boxing day if self-effacing enough.
that et a strong small state w/ no safety net other than bail-outs of course. strong reference large military to better intervene to enforce will of masters.
one enjoys your blogs generally agrees w/ analysis. we may yet live to see wide spread states
For a pre-Keynesian thinker, Gesell is a relatively “sophisticated”. But I don’t think we should to take him too seriously. Keynes was a heretic and was (possibly too) kind to other heretics. Keynes did not say that Gesell’s idea of stamped money was sound. He said the idea BEHIND stamped money was sound; meaning, of course, that interest-rates were a monetary phenomenon and that “excessive” aggregate net savings could be a problem. But all this negative interest-rate malarkey is missing the point as it’s a fiscal tightening, going 180 degrees in the opposite direction to what MMT would be trying to achieve. See Scott Fullwiler http://neweconomicperspectives.blogspot.com/2009/07/why-negative-nominal-interest-rates.html
Dear Kanuck (2010/06/18 at 11:00)
Thanks for your kind comments.
best wishes
bill
Dear Min (at 2010/06/18 at 19:39)
The government can add reserves and it can drain them again.
best wishes
bill