Australia continues to endure a very weak labour market

Today’s release by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) of the Labour Force data for September 2012 reveals a labour market that is weak and failing to produce jobs to match the pavce of the underlying population growth. Many commentators are suggesting today’s figures are not that bad – but that just shows how far we have lowered our expectations of what good is. It is unambiguously bad when an economy that is meant to be in the throes of the once-in-a-hundred-years mining boom cannot even generate employment growth to match the population growth. It is true that participation rose this month which added to the rise in unemployment. But the trend performance of the labour market is flat and these monthly shifts are fluctuating around that flat trend. The data is not consistent with any notions that the Australian labour market is booming or close to full employment. The most continuing feature that should warrant immediate policy concern is the appalling state of the youth labour market. My assessment of today’s results – worrying with further weakness to come. The government has no case to make for its pursuit of a budget surplus in the next fiscal year.

The summary ABS Labour Force (seasonally adjusted) estimates for September 2012 are:

• Employment increased 14,500 (0.1 per cent) with full-time employment rising by 32,100 and part-time employment falling by 17,700.
• Unemployment increased 38,800 (6.2 per cent) to 662,700.
• The official unemployment rate rose to 5.4 per cent from the August figure of 5.1 per cent.
• The participation rate increased by 0.2 pts to 65.2 per cent reversing last month’s decline of the same magnitude.
• Aggregate monthly hours worked rose by 7.6 million hours (0.47 per cent).
• The ABS broad labour underutilisation estimates (the sum of unemployment and underemployment) which are published on a quarterly basis (latest data published in August release) showed that the total labour underutilisation rate was 12.4 per cent in the third-quarter 2012. This will have risen in September because of the rise in unemployment, which would have been marginally offset by a possible fall in underemployment given the growth in full-time employment and hours worked.

The ABC National News Report – Unemployment jumps on rising participation – said that:

The unemployment rate jumped to its highest level in almost two-and-a-half-years in September, but the news on jobs was not all bad … However, the rise in unemployment was not caused by job losses in September … Instead, the rise in unemployment was caused by a 0.2 percentage point rise in the participation rate to 65.2.

Which is only partially true. As I show below, the weak employment growth was insufficient to absorb the underlying growth in the labour force due to population growth and that meant unemployment would have risen even if the participation rate had have remained unchanged.

However, the bulk of the rise in unemployment is due to rise in the participation rate – which is just a reversal on the decline in the participation rate of the same magnitude last month.

But it is bad when an economy that is meant to be in the throes of the once-in-a-hundred-years mining boom cannot even generate employment growth to match the population growth.

The Sydney Morning Herald report (by Chris Zappone) – JJobless rate moves higher in September – said:

But while the headline number shows a big jump in joblessness, the news is not all bad. The economy actually added 14,500 jobs for the month … The rise in the jobless rate was, economists said, due to a jump in the participation rate – the percentage of people either in work or looking for work – to 65.2 per cent, from 65.0 per cent.

I repeat – employment growth is weak and the monthly shifts in participation are relatively meaningless. The fact is that participation is down on where it was 12 months ago because trend employment growth is flat.

Employment growth – negative and trend is pointing down

The September data shows that employment growth was very weak again with total employment rising by by 14,500 (0.1 per cent) – full-time employment rose by 32,100 but part-time employment decreased by 17,700. The only good sign was that full-time employment and hours worked rose.

Today’s data reasserts the message that the labour market data is switching back and forth each month with an sluggish (slightly negative) underlying trend being fairly stable for some months now.

There have been considerable fluctuations in the full-time/part-time growth over the last year with regular crossings of the zero growth line

The following graph shows the month by month growth in full-time (blue columns), part-time (grey columns) and total employment (green line) for the 12 months to September 2012 using seasonally adjusted data.

Today’s results just repeat the topsy-turvy nature of the data over the period shown. The Australian labour market is struggling with the low GDP growth creating a near jobless growth environment.

While full-time and part-time employment growth are fluctuating around the zero line, total employment growth is still well below the growth that was boosted by the fiscal-stimulus in the middle of 2010.

The following table provides an accounting summary of the labour market performance over the last six months. The monthly data is highly variable so this Table provides a longer view (over the last 6 months) which allows for a better assessment of the trends. WAP is working age population (above 15 year olds). The first three columns show the number of jobs gained or lost (net) in the last six months.

The conclusion – overall only 27.3 thousand jobs (net) have been created in Australia over the last six months with 34 thousand full-time jobs being offset by the loss of 6.7 thousand part-time jobs (net). This is a very miserable employment growth performance.

The WAP has risen by 126 thousand in the same period while the labour force rose by 60.3 thousand. The relatively weak employment growth has not been able to keep pace with the underlying population growth and unemployment has risen as a result (by 33 thousand).

The rise in unemployment would have been greater had not the participation rate fallen (by 0.12 percentage points), which reduced the growth in the labour force.

To put the recent data in perspective, the following graph shows the movement in the labour force and total employment since the low-point unemployment rate month in the last cycle (February 2008) to September 2012. The two series are indexed to 100 at that month. The green line (right-axis) is the gap (plotted against the right-axis) between the two aggregates and measures the change in the unemployment rate since the low-point of the last cycle (when it stood at 4 per cent).

You can see that the labour force index has largely levelled off and now falling and the divergence between it and employment growth has been relatively steady over the last several months with this month showing some improvement.

The Gap series gives you a good impression of the asymmetry in unemployment rate responses even when the economy experiences a mild downturn (such as the case in Australia). The unemployment rate jumps quickly but declines slowly.

It also highlights the fact that the recovery is still not strong enough to bring the unemployment rate back down to its pre-crisis low. You can see clearly that the unemployment rate fell in late 2009 and then has hovered at the same level for some months before rising again over the last two months.

The gap shows that the labour market is still a long way from recovering from the financial crisis that hit in early 2008. There hasn’t been much progress since November 2010, when the fiscal stimulus started to run out.

Teenage labour market – remains in a parlous state

The teenage labour market continued to slide backwards last month and is now in crisis.

The following graph shows the distribution of net employment creation in the last month by full-time/part-time status and age/gender category (15-19 year olds and the rest)

Over the last month, teenagers lost 10.0 thousand jobs (net) (13.7 thousand part-time jobs lost) while the rest of the workforce lost 25.4 thousand jobs.

The conclusion is that the weak employment growth is providing no opportunities to teenagers to enter the employed workforce.

If you take a longer view you see how poor the situation is.

Over the last 12 months, teenagers have lost 25.5 thousand net jobs overall which the rest of the labour force have gained 85.7 thousand net jobs. Teenagers have gained 2.1 thousand full-time opportunities but lost 27.6 thousand part-time opportunities in net terms. So the Australian economy has delivered this cohort

So the Australian labour market has further undermined the opportunities for this cohort over the last year.

The teenage segment of the labour market is being particularly dragged down by the sluggish employment growth, which is hardly surprising given that the least experienced and/or most disadvantaged (those with disabilities etc) are rationed to the back of the queue by the employers.

The following graph shows the change in aggregates over the last 12 months. Australian teenagers are going backwards which is a trend common around the world at present.

To further emphasise the plight of our teenagers I compiled the following graph that extends the time period from the February 2008, which was the month when the unemployment rate was at its low point in the last cycle, to the present month (September 2012). So it includes the period of downturn and then the “recovery” period. Note the change in vertical scale compared to the previous two graphs. That tells you something!

The results are stunning and represent a major policy failure.

Since February 2008, there have been 714.1 thousand (net) jobs added to the Australian economy but teenagers have lost a staggering 92.9 thousand over the same period. It is even more stark when you consider that 73.3 thousand full-time teenager jobs have been lost in net terms. Even in the traditionally, concentrated teenage segment – part-time employment – there have been 19.6 thousand jobs (net) lost.

Further, around 49 per cent of the total (net) jobs added since February 2008 have been part-time.

Overall, the performance over the last 12 months is poor and should receive a much higher priority in the policy debate than it does.

The longer-run consequences of this teenage “lock out” will be very damaging.

The Australian government has no coherent strategy to resolve this appalling state. Ensuring teenagers are included in paid work, if they do not desire to remain in school, should be a number one policy priority.

The Government’s response is to push this cohort into endless training initiatives (supply-side approach) without significant benefits. The research shows overwhelmingly that job-specific skills development should be done within a paid-work environment.

I would recommend that the Australian government announce a major public sector job creation program aimed at employing, in the first instance, all the unemployed 15-19 year olds.

It is clear that the Australian labour market continues to fail our 15-19 year olds. At a time when we keep emphasising the future challenges facing the nation in terms of an ageing population and rising dependency ratios the economy still fails to provide enough work (and on-the-job experience) for our teenagers who are our future workforce.

Unemployment

The unemployment rate rose by 0.3 percentage points in September 2012 to 5.4 per cent. The rise in unemployment was due, in part, to the employment growth being slower than the underlying population growth. But the overall reason for the rise in unemployment was the rise in the participation rate (a correction on last month’s fall).

Overall, the labour market still has significant excess capacity available in most areas and what growth there is is not making any major inroads into the idle pools of labour.

The following graph updates my 3-recessions graph which depicts how quickly the unemployment rose in Australia during each of the three major recessions in recent history: 1982, 1991 and 2009 (the latter to capture the 2008-2010 episode). The unemployment rate was indexed at 100 at its lowest rate before the recession in each case (September 1981; December 1989; April 2008, respectively) and then indexed to that base for each of the months as the recession unfolded.

I have plotted the 3 episodes for 55 months after the low-point unemployment rate was reached. For 1991, the end-point shown is the peak unemployment which was achieved some 38 months after the downturn began although the recovery was painfully slow. While the 1982 recession was severe the economy and the labour market was recovering by the 26th month. The pace of recovery for the 1982 once it began was faster than the recovery in the current period.

It is significant that the current situation while significantly less severe than the previous recessions is dragging on which is a reflection of the lack of private spending growth and declining public spending growth.

The graph provides a graphical depiction of the speed at which the recession unfolded (which tells you something about each episode) and the length of time that the labour market deteriorated (expressed in terms of the unemployment rate).

From the start of the downturn to the 56-month point (to September 2012), the official unemployment rate has risen from a base index value of 100 to a value 135 – peaking at 145 after 21 months. It has been hovering at the current level for some months now. Unlike the other episode, the current trend, at this stage of the cycle, is unclear.

At 56 months, 1982 index stood at 144 and falling steadily, while the 1991 index was around 165, also falling steadily. It is clear that at an equivalent point in the “recovery cycle” the current period is more sluggish than our recent two major downturns.

Note that these are index numbers and only tell us about the speed of decay rather than levels of unemployment. Clearly the 5.1 per cent at this stage of the downturn is lower that the unemployment rate was in the previous recessions at a comparable point in the cycle although we have to consider the broader measures of labour underutilisation (which include underemployment) before we draw any clear conclusions.

The notable aspect of the current situation is that the recovery is very slow.

Aggregate participation rate rises in September

The participation rate rose by 0.2 percentage points in September 2012 to 65.2 per cent. This reversed the decline of the same magnitude in August 2012. It remains 0.3 percentage points lower than it was 12 months ago.

It is still substantially down on the most recent peak of 66 per cent (November 2010) when the labour market was gathering pace courtesy of the fiscal stimulus.

This drop in participation in the last year or more has meant the labour force growth has been relatively subdued with the additional result being that the unemployment rate is considerably lower than would otherwise been the case.

In the current month, unemployment rose by 38.8 thousand to 5.4 per cent of the labour force. How much of that is due to the rise in participation and how much is due to the weak employment growth failing to keep pace with the underlying population growth?

The labour force is a subset of the working-age population (those above 15 years old). The proportion of the working-age population that constitutes the labour force is called the labour force participation rate. So changes in the labour force can impact on the official unemployment rate and so movements in the latter need to be interpreted carefully. A rising unemployment rate may not indicate a recessing economy.

The labour force can expand as a result of general population growth and/or increases in the labour force participation rates.

The following Table shows the breakdown in the changes to the main aggregates (Labour Force, Employment and Unemployment) and the impact of the rise in the participation rate.

In September 2012, employment rose by 14,500 while the labour force rose by 53,300, which meant that unemployment rose by 38,800.

The labour force rose in September for two reasons: (a) The underlying population growth added 29.1 thousand to the labour force. The population growth impact on the labour force aggregate is relatively steady from month to month; and (b) the participation rate rise led to an increase in the labour force of 24.2 thousand (relative to what would have occurred had the participation rate remained unchanged).

Clearly, employment growth was not sufficient to match the underlying population growth (a deficiency of 9.7 thousand).

But if the participation rate had not have increased, at the current employment level, unemployment would have been 623.8 thousand instead of 662.7 thousand as recorded by the ABS.

So if the participation rate had have remained unchanged, the unemployment rate would have been 5.1 per cent rather than 5.4 per cent as officially published.

The conclusion is that the rise in unemployment would have been much just 9.7 thousand had not the rise in labour force participation occurred.

Hours worked barely rose in September 2012

Aggregate monthly hours worked fell by 7.6 million hours (0.47) per cent) in seasonally adjusted terms and the trend is now firmly down and signalling a labour market that is deteriorating.

The small swings up and down in monthly hours worked each month since the beginning of 2011 is being driven by similar fluctuations in full-time employment.

The following graph shows the trend and seasonally adjusted aggregate hours worked indexed to 100 at the peak in February 2008 (which was the low-point unemployment rate in the previous cycle). The rising trend which marked the early recovery courtesy of the fiscal stimulus is now clearly gone.

The next graph shows the monthly growth (in per cent) over the last 12 months. The green linear line is a simple regression trend – firmly down.

Once again the data doesn’t support the notion of a fully employed labour market that is bursting against the inflation barrier.

Conclusion

Overall, today’s data confirms that the labour market is weak and fluctuating around a zero employment growth trend. Employment growth is clearly not strong enough to even match the pace of growth of the underlying population let alone eat into the huge pool of unemployment and underemployment.

Variations in the participation rate from month to month are then driving rises or falls in the unemployment around a slightly increasing trend.

That pattern has been evident for the last 18 months or so and leads to the conclusion that the labour market is weak and trending towards increased weakness.

We always have to be careful interpreting month to month movements given the way the Labour Force Survey is constructed and implemented. But the underlying trend is weak as a result of the withdrawal of the fiscal stimulus undermining employment growth.

The most striking aspect of a sad picture remains the appalling performance of the teenage labour market. Employment has collapsed for that cohort and I consider it a matter of policy urgency for the Government to introduce an employment guarantee to ensure we do not continue undermining our potential workforce.

The data certainly doesn’t support the Federal Government’s current macroeconomic settings, which are biased towards contraction. More fiscal stimulus is definitely needed.

The blog is earlier than usual because I am now 1.5 hours behind Canberra (Darwin is normally 30 minutes behind but also doesn’t have daylight saving in Summer). So I get to see the data earlier in the working day than usual!

That is enough for today.

(c) Copyright 2012 Bill Mitchell. All Rights Reserved.