1. Mainstream economists use the notion of "crowding out" to argue that public spending squeezes out private spending and results in a less efficient allocation of resources overall. Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) denies that crowding out can occur.

2. Larger fiscal deficits as a percentage of GDP typically mean that there are less real resources available for other productive uses.

3. For a nation running a current account deficit, income adjustments will ensure government fiscal position is in deficit if the domestic private sector successfully increases its overall saving as a percentage of GDP.