generally false because in the case of sovereign governments because they do not need to raise taxes to finance spending.
generally true because revenue has to be raised ultimately to pay for the deficit spending and that requires individual tax burdens to rise.
generally true if the deficit stimulates output but doesn't mean current individual tax burdens are higher.

Even though a sovereign government doesn't have to "finance" its spending, if it issues debt to the private sector

it will push up interest rates because there is only a finite amount of savings available at any time to buy the bonds.
it will not push up interest rates because budget deficits put downward pressure on rates and bond sales just maintain them at their previous rate.
it will push up interest rates if the government makes a decision that they should be higher either through direct central bank intervention or through voluntary debt issuing arrangements that allow this.

When the government borrows from the non-government sector it eventually has to pay the bonds back on maturity. This will

be inflationary if the government payments to bond holders at maturity add more to nominal aggregate demand than the real economy can support given other policy settings.
be inflationary if by the time the bonds mature the economy is growing strongly so there will be too much money floating about.
not be inflationary because the sovereign government just has to credit the bank accounts of those who hold the bonds to repay them.

Introducing more sophisticated training programs for unemployed workers during a recession

is an ineffective strategy because it doesn't take into account employer prejudices.
is an ineffective strategy because even if it increases individual productivity it just shuffles the jobless queue.
is an effective strategy because the workers become more productive and are hence more attractive to employers.