{"id":45259,"date":"2020-06-20T16:00:11","date_gmt":"2020-06-20T06:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/billmitchell.org\/blog\/?p=45259"},"modified":"2020-06-20T16:00:11","modified_gmt":"2020-06-20T06:00:11","slug":"the-weekend-quiz-june-20-21-2020-answers-and-discussion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/billmitchell.org\/blog\/?p=45259","title":{"rendered":"The Weekend Quiz – June 20-21, 2020 – answers and discussion"},"content":{"rendered":"

\t\t\t\tHere are the answers with discussion for this Weekend’s Quiz<\/strong>. The information provided should help you work out why you missed a question or three! If you haven’t already done the Quiz from yesterday then have a go at it before you read the answers. I hope this helps you develop an understanding of modern monetary theory (MMT) and its application to macroeconomic thinking. Comments as usual welcome, especially if I have made an error.
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Question 1:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n If the current account (on balance of payments) is in deficit and household saving increases as a proportion of disposable income then the government could still run a fiscal surplus without a decline in output and income occurring.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The answer is True<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

This question tests one’s basic understanding of the sectoral balances that can be derived from the National Accounts. The secret to getting the correct answer is to realise that the household saving ratio is not<\/strong> the overall sectoral balance for the private domestic sector.<\/p>\n

In other words, if you just compared the household saving ratio with the external deficit and the fiscal balance you would be leaving an essential component of the private domestic balance out – private capital formation (investment).<\/p>\n

To refresh your memory the sectoral balances are derived as follows. The basic income-expenditure model in macroeconomics can be viewed in (at least) two ways: (a) from the perspective of the sources of spending; and (b) from the perspective of the uses of the income produced. Bringing these two perspectives (of the same thing) together generates the sectoral balances.<\/p>\n

From the sources perspective we write:<\/p>\n

GDP = C + I + G + (X – M)<\/p>\n

which says that total national income (GDP) is the sum of total final consumption spending (C), total private investment (I), total government spending (G) and net exports (X – M).<\/p>\n

Expression (1) tells us that total income in the economy per period will be exactly equal to total spending from all sources of expenditure.<\/p>\n

We also have to acknowledge that financial balances of the sectors are impacted by net government taxes (T) which includes all taxes and transfer and interest payments (the latter are not counted independently in the expenditure Expression (1)).<\/p>\n

Further, as noted above the trade account is only one aspect of the financial flows between the domestic economy and the external sector. we have to include net external income flows (FNI).<\/p>\n

Adding in the net external income flows (FNI) to Expression (2) for GDP we get the familiar gross national product or gross national income measure (GNP):<\/p>\n

(2) GNP = C + I + G + (X – M) + FNI<\/p>\n

To render this approach into the sectoral balances form, we subtract total taxes and transfers (T) from both sides of Expression (3) to get:<\/p>\n

(3) GNP – T = C + I + G + (X – M) + FNI – T<\/p>\n

Now we can collect the terms by arranging them according to the three sectoral balances:<\/p>\n

(4) (GNP – C – T) – I = (G – T) + (X – M + FNI)<\/p>\n

The the terms in Expression (4) are relatively easy to understand now.<\/p>\n

The term (GNP – C – T) represents total income less the amount consumed less the amount paid to government in taxes (taking into account transfers coming the other way). In other words, it represents private domestic saving.<\/p>\n

The left-hand side of Equation (4), (GNP – C – T) – I, thus is the overall saving of the private domestic sector, which is distinct from total household saving denoted by the term (GNP – C – T).<\/p>\n

In other words, the left-hand side of Equation (4) is the private domestic financial balance and if it is positive then the sector is spending less than its total income and if it is negative the sector is spending more than it total income.<\/p>\n

The term (G – T) is the government financial balance and is in deficit if government spending (G) is greater than government tax revenue minus transfers (T), and in surplus if the balance is negative.<\/p>\n

Finally, the other right-hand side term (X – M + FNI) is the external financial balance, commonly known as the current account balance (CAD). It is in surplus if positive and deficit if negative.<\/p>\n

In English we could say that:<\/p>\n

The private financial balance equals the sum of the government financial balance plus the current account balance.<\/p>\n

We can re-write Expression (6) in this way to get the sectoral balances equation:<\/p>\n

(5) (S – I) = (G – T) + CAB<\/p>\n

which is interpreted as meaning that government sector deficits (G – T > 0) and current account surpluses (CAB > 0) generate national income and net financial assets for the private domestic sector.<\/p>\n

Conversely, government surpluses (G – T < 0) and current account deficits (CAB < 0) reduce national income and undermine the capacity of the private domestic sector to add financial assets.<\/p>\n

Expression (5) can also be written as:<\/p>\n

(6) [(S – I) – CAB] = (G – T)<\/p>\n

where the term on the left-hand side [(S – I) – CAB] is the non-government sector financial balance and is of equal and opposite sign to the government financial balance.<\/p>\n

This is the familiar MMT statement that a government sector deficit (surplus) is equal dollar-for-dollar to the non-government sector surplus (deficit).<\/p>\n

The sectoral balances equation says that total private savings (S) minus private investment (I) has to equal the public deficit (spending, G minus taxes, T) plus net exports (exports (X) minus imports (M)) plus net income transfers.<\/p>\n

All these relationships (equations) hold as a matter of accounting and not matters of opinion.<\/p>\n

You can then manipulate these balances to tell stories about what is going on in a country.<\/p>\n

For example, when an external deficit (X – M < 0) and a public surplus (G – T < 0) coincide, there must be a private domestic deficit.<\/p>\n

So if X = 10 and M = 20, (X – M) = -10 (an external deficit assuming the invisibles are zero).<\/p>\n

Also if G = 20 and T = 30, G – T = -10 (a fiscal surplus).<\/p>\n

So the right-hand side of the sectoral balances equation will equal (20 – 30) + (10 – 20) = -20.<\/p>\n

As a matter of accounting then (S – I) = -20 which means that the domestic private sector is spending more than they are earning because I > S by 20 (whatever $ units we like).<\/p>\n

So the fiscal drag from the public sector is coinciding with an influx of net savings from the external sector.<\/p>\n

While private spending can persist for a time under these conditions using the net savings of the external sector, the private sector becomes increasingly indebted in the process. It is an unsustainable growth path.<\/p>\n

So if a nation usually has a current account deficit (X – M < 0) then if the private domestic sector is to net save (S – I) > 0, then the public fiscal deficit has to be large enough to offset the external deficit.<\/p>\n

Say, (X – M) = -20 (as above).<\/p>\n

Then a balanced fiscal position (G – T = 0) will force the domestic private sector to spend more than they are earning (S – I) = -20. But a government deficit of 25 (for example, G = 55 and T = 30) will give a right-hand solution of (55 – 30) + (10 – 20) = 15. The domestic private sector can net save.<\/p>\n

But if the external deficit is say -20 and the private domestic balance (S – I) is -20 then the government balance at that level of income would be zerop.<\/p>\n

So if households increased their saving and business investment increased by more than that, the income level could remain unchanged yet the government balance would go into surplus.<\/p>\n

So in focusing on the household saving ratio, the question was only referring to one component of the private domestic balance.<\/p>\n

Clearly in the case of the question, if private investment is strong enough to offset the household desire to increase saving (and withdraw from consumption) then no spending gap arises as households save more.<\/p>\n

In the present situation in most countries, households have reduced the growth in consumption at the same time that private investment has fallen dramatically.<\/p>\n

As a consequence a major spending gap emerged that could only be filled in the short- to medium-term by government deficits if output growth was to remain intact.<\/p>\n

The following blog posts may be of further interest to you:<\/p>\n