\t\t\t\tIts Wednesday and so only a discursive type blog post (that is, very little actual research to report). I have been thinking about the so-called Marxist-inspired critiques of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) and just the other day another one popped up in the form of the long article by Paul Mason. One of the things that I have noted about these critiques is that they deploy the same sort of attack against MMT that mainstream economics has traditionally deployed against Marxist economics. One would think they would at least be consistent. It won’t take me all that long to explain that.
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I was attracted to the writing of Karl Marx was because I considered his brilliant discussion of the differences between the superficial relationships we see in the market (so-called ‘exchange relations’) and the essential relationships that tie worker to the capitalist and create the conditions for surplus value production.<\/p>\n
A student studying neoclassical economics stays forever at the exchange relations level and can never appreciate the origins of profit. They think that somehow profit is created in the market via exchange of goods and services.<\/p>\n
These students are indoctrinated into ‘free market'” myth, where we are all, essentially, free traders and own-producers at heart who agree (aided by market forces) to specialise into labour suppliers or capital providers. The myth continues that we are all free traders – everything is voluntary and all exchanges are mediated by market prices which deliver equalised use values to each party to the exchange, to be enjoyed upon completion of the same.<\/p>\n
Capitalism is thus fair and efficient.<\/p>\n
The ‘everything can be understood at the exchange level’ view falls in a hole when we focus on the labour market Marx’s analysis of the wage form.<\/p>\n
I wrote about this in this blog post (among others) – The labour market is not like the market for bananas<\/a> (August 17, 2012).<\/p>\n There is extensive analysis of this in our new textbook – Macroeconomics<\/a> – despite some Marxists claiming MMT neglects any sense of class struggle.<\/p>\n The point is that the concept of a market for ‘labour’ is somewhat of a misnomer because if we try to analyse the transactions that occur in this arena in terms of a simple exchange of use values essential insights into the operations of the economy are obscured.<\/p>\n For Marx, one of the characteristic features of capitalism was that the workers only sell their capacity to work (“labour power”) to the capitalist in what we now term to be the labour market.<\/p>\n In his brilliant book – Wage, Labour and Capital – Chapter 2: What are Wages? How are they Determined?<\/a> – Marx wrote:<\/p>\n \nConsequently, it appears that the capitalist buys their labour with money, and that for money they sell him their labour. But this is merely an illusion. What they actually sell to the capitalist for money is their labour-power. This labour-power the capitalist buys for a day, a week, a month, etc. And after he has bought it, he uses it up by letting the worker labour during the stipulated time.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n Workers are not enslaved under capitalism nor do they sell what we might call labour services.<\/p>\n It is clear that capitalism has moved beyond slavery but why would he say that the labour market is not where labour services are sold?<\/p>\n For Marx, the major challenge facing capital is to ensure the labour power they purchase becomes a flow of labour services (or simply labour). This observation suggests that the capitalist firm faces a control problem pertaining to how the managers extract work from the potential they have bought.<\/p>\n In modern terms, the firm agrees to pay a wage to the worker for a given working day (which itself might vary according to various rules). At that point in the exchange the firm has purchases the labour power, which is the capacity to work. No actual labour services have been purchased in that transaction.<\/p>\n It looks<\/strong> as if the worker is being paid for the entire working day – say 8 hours. But that focus on the exchange relation is misleading.<\/p>\n The task of management then is to organise, muster and deploy that labour power in a controlled way to ensure that for the time the worker has agreed to work they are delivering the desired flow of labour services to the firm.<\/p>\n It is in that way that the firm ensures they produce enough output from the labour power purchased, which upon sale, will return the funds outlaid on wages (and other materials the workers use) and leave a sufficient residual – profits – which will satisfy the objectives of the owners of the firm.<\/p>\n A study of the modern labour market therefore has to be conducted within the context of the primacy of managerial control and the need for the capitalist firm to maximise the flow of labour they gain from the labour power they purchase.<\/p>\n Further, unlike a simple exchange of goods for money, the use-value of the labour power is enjoyed (extracted) within the actual exchange (that is, while the workers are still at work). The use-value – the source of profit – is uncertain and a control function is indicated.<\/p>\n Bosses have to control the realisation of that use value as production in an environment where the majority of workers would rather not be there. That is a very different dynamic environment to one where we go into a shop and buy a trinket to be enjoyed later.<\/p>\n Under capitalism, a worker might only need to work for 2 hours in a day to perform what we call ‘necessary labour’ (that required to maintain survival of the worker). For the rest of the working day, they are producing ‘surplus labour’.<\/p>\n The worker appears to work say an 8-hour day for a certain hourly wage, which blurs the distinction between the two types of labour.<\/p>\n Why don’t they just leave after 2 hours? The reason is the workers do not possess the means of production and hence the means of subsistence.<\/p>\n A defining feature of capitalism is that the capitalist owns the productive means and the worker, while free to choose which capitalist to work for, has to work to survive. Survival requires the worker agree to work for, say 8 hours to get the wage which might be equivalent to 2 hours of production.<\/p>\n This is the wage form. It was a brilliant exegesis by Marx that provides a penetrating insight into the dynamics of our systems and continues to resonate.<\/p>\n It is why class (in Marx’s terms) has to be at the forefront of the analysis. Nothing in MMT denies that status!<\/p>\n Another way of thinking about this is that Marx lifted the veil of free market ideology to expose what is actually going on in the capital-labour exchange.<\/p>\n We should always being aware that these veils are often used to disguise power relations or other things that the elites do not want to be made transparent.<\/p>\n Now think about MMTs treatment of the government sector.<\/p>\n I explained that in an early blog posts (among others):<\/p>\n 1. The consolidated government – treasury and central bank<\/a> (August 20, 2010).\t<\/p>\n 2. The sham of central bank independence<\/a> (December 23, 2014).<\/p>\n Essentially, despite the appearance<\/strong> that central banks have become independent of the political process, an appearance that is reinforced by false statements from my profession, the fact is that at the level of substance<\/strong>, the central bank and the treasury departments work closely together on a daily basis.<\/p>\n Further, the politicians tend to appoint central bank management and set the legislative framework in which central banks operate.<\/p>\n Some of the critics of MMT have, however, focused on the independence issue as a sign that MMT is deeply flawed.<\/p>\n They claim that MMT presents a fictional account of the world that we live in and in that sense fails to advance our understanding of how the modern monetary system operates.<\/p>\n This fiction is centred on the way MMT ‘consolidates’ the central bank and treasury functions into the ‘government sector’ and juxtaposes this with the non-government sector.<\/p>\n Recent versions of this attack came from Gerald Epstein and Doug Henwood in separate papers. Both are avowed Left wingers who mention Marx a lot. Henwood’s article in Jacobin invoked Marx regularly.<\/p>\n I addressed the Epstein critique in this blog post – The conga line of MMT critics – marching into oblivion<\/a> (March 7, 2019).<\/p>\n I didn’t address all the issues in that response – and so today I add to the list.<\/p>\n I didn’t bother addressing the Henwood attack as it was mostly a personal attack on particular people he seems not to like.<\/p>\n Epstein thought it was useful recycling the claim about central bank independence. He wrote:<\/p>\n \n… many other claims are based on a consolidated functioning (balance sheet) between the central bank and the government, a consolidation that does not exist in most countries …. In the US, specifically, monetary financing of deficits does not happen automatically.The Federal Reserve has to chose to monetize the debt by doing open market operations, and this choice is as much a political one as an economic one. In practice, the Fed has done this sparingly. Understanding the political economy of the Federal Reserve is therefore key to understanding the institutional limits of MMT\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n There are technical mistakes here – such as claiming that central banks can only “monetize the debt by doing open market operations”. That is incorrect. But not the point of today’s blog.<\/p>\n The point is that by focusing on the ‘institutional’ arrangements of a country and claiming that they become a binding constraint when in fact these arrangements are just choices of government is akin to criticising Marx for exposing the origins of profit.<\/p>\n We cannot see surplus value production. It is disguised by the wage form. In the same way, these voluntary constraints that government impose on themselves serve to disguise their intrinsic capacities and operations.<\/p>\n If we dig deeper into the production sphere we can see clearly that workers are not paid for 8 hours work but 2 or 3 or whatever is required to satisfy subsistence labour.<\/p>\n Similarly, if we understand that these ‘rules’ and ‘accounting’ conventions that governments erect are all political and ideological artifacts that keep most of us from seeing what the true arrangements and operations are.<\/p>\n The other example that is interesting is the claim that a government such as the US is financially constrained because in Henwood’s words:<\/p>\n \nBut the government doesn’t do that. It spends only money gotten from tax revenues or bond sales. (If you don’t believe me, look at a Daily Treasury Statement, a daily accounting of the federal government’s income and outgo. It looks a lot like any normal financial statement, only with a lot more zeroes.) The Fed is forbidden by law to purchase bonds directly from the Treasury.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n Well before these characters tried to jump on the bandwagon and start criticising MMT, I considered some of these claims in this series of blog posts:<\/p>\n 1. Modern Monetary Theory – what is new about it?<\/a> (August 22, 2016).<\/p>\n 2. Modern Monetary Theory – what is new about it? – Part 2<\/a> (August 23, 2016).<\/p>\n 3. Modern Monetary Theory – what is new about it? – Part 3<\/a> (August 25, 2016).<\/p>\n I wrote that the problem is that these critics have failed to understand the intent of the MMT consolidation of the central bank and treasury functions into a whole government sector.<\/p>\n Long before any of them entered the debate, I had observed that governments had erected elaborate voluntary contraints on their operational freedom to obscure the intrinsic capacities that the monopoly issuer of the fiat currency possessed.<\/p>\n Please read my blog post – On voluntary constraints that undermine public purpose<\/a> (December 25, 2009) – for more discussion on this point.<\/p>\n In the same way that Marx considered the exchange relations to be an ideological veil obscuring the intrinsic value relations in capitalist production and the creation of surplus value, MMT identifies two levels of reality.<\/p>\n The first level defines the intrinsic characteristics of the the monopoly fiat currency issuer which clearly lead us to understand that such a government can never run out of the currency it issues and has to first spend that currency into existence before it can ever raise taxes or sell bonds to the users of the currency – the non-government sector.<\/p>\n There should be no question about that.<\/p>\n Once that level of understanding is achieved then MMT recognises the second level of reality – the voluntary institutional framework that governments have put in place to regulate their own behaviour.<\/p>\n These accounting frameworks and fiscal rules are designed to give the (false) impression that the government is financially constrained like a household – that is, in context, has to either raise taxes to spend or issue debt to spend more than it raises in taxes.<\/p>\n Importantly, by introducing the consolidated government sector, MMT strips way the veil of neo-liberal ideology that mainstream macroeconomists use to restrict government spending.<\/p>\n We learn that these constraints are purely voluntary and have no intrinsic status. This allows us to understand that governments lie when they claim they have run out of money and therefore are justified in cutting programs that advance the well-being of the general population.<\/p>\n By exposing the voluntary nature of these constraints, MMT pushes these austerity-type statements back into the ideological and political level and rejects them as financial verities.<\/p>\n I could cite more Left critiques which also fall into the same trap of taking the ‘exchange level’ reality as the end of the story.<\/p>\n Which is exactly what Marx railed against.<\/p>\n After spending the last three years as Shadow Treasurer raving on about the “fiscal recklessness” of the Conservative government (at a time they’ve been imposing austerity) because in his view the fiscal deficit was too high and there was an urgent need for “budget repair” (as if the fiscal position was a car that had broken down), the Shadow Treasurer is now claiming that, if elected, a Labor government will move Australia into ‘healthy surpluses’.<\/p>\n The number of times I’ve heard Chris Bowen talk about ‘budget repair’ over the last several years his countless.<\/p>\n He never mentions that Australia has run an external deficit of around 3.5 to 4 per cent of GDP since the 1970s.<\/p>\n He ignores the fact that the household saving ratio is well below historical levels and that sector is enduring record levels of household debt that has placed it in a highly vulnerable and precarious position.<\/p>\n He does not seem to twig that the fiscal austerity the conservatives have been inflicting while in government has driven Australia’s growth rate towards zero and we currently have a broad labour underutilisation rate of 13.5 per cent (unemployment plus underemployment).<\/p>\n He also has consistently refused to support an increase in the unemployment benefit despite income recipients being forced to live well below the acceptable poverty line.<\/p>\n And now, the man who would be Australia’s Treasurer if they win the election in May, wants to cut the fiscal deficit even more and push for big fiscal surpluses<\/p>\n He told the press that he would be proposing to reimpose the so-called “temporary deficit levy” (a tax levy on high income earners) to fast track the nation back into fiscal surplus.<\/p>\n He should have said it was a policy that would fast track the nation into recession.<\/p>\n He recently also said:<\/p>\n \nWell you shouldn’t levy any more tax than you need to fund important services and see important Budget repair and healthy Budget surpluses.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n Pray tell, what the hell is a “healthy Budget surplus”?<\/p>\n Context to establish:<\/p>\n 1. Is Australia at full employment? Answer: nowhere near it.<\/p>\n 2. Are Australian household saving consistent with their desires? Answer: no, they are being squeezed for liquidity by the fiscal austerity and flat wages growth and keeping spending growing (at a slowing rate) by credit.<\/p>\n 3. Does Australia have an export surplus? Answer: nowhere near it.<\/p>\n 4. Does Australia have an inflationary problem? Answer: no, the inflation rate is consistently below the central bank’s lower bound target level. If anything, we are facing a deflationary period as housing prices fall substantially, household consumption spending growth is in decline, and business investment is sluggish.<\/p>\n So no responsible government would try to run a fiscal surplus under these conditions.<\/p>\n The Government isn’t there to run surpluses or deficits. Its role is to ensure that economic conditions advance the well-being of the population by ensuring there are enough jobs to satisfy the demand for work, that inequality is declining, that the environment is being protected, and that inflation is stable.<\/p>\n Given the context that fiscal policy is being framed at present in Australia, no right minded economist would advocate cutting the fiscal deficit and pushing toward surplus.<\/p>\n He must be getting terrible advice to persist in running this ridiculous austerity line.<\/p>\n His utterances alone should disqualify the Australian Labor Party from ever taking office while they run this ridiculous neoliberal narrative.<\/p>\n I also had an interchange with the Shadow Assistant Treasurer recently. He had been writing that MMT believed there were no constraints on government spending and had appeared at a Fabian event in Adelaide last year saying MMT was crazy.<\/p>\n He used the criticisms that Paul Krugman and Larry Summers had recently made of MMT as an authority.<\/p>\n When I challenged both the claim and his use of Krugman and Summers to back up his claim, his response to me was that he is happy to stand alongside the two and remain in the “sensible social democratic mainstream”.<\/p>\n He is a surplus maven without any seeming comprehension of why fiscal surpluses are so inappropriate now for Australia and typically for most nations. Obviously challenging that view, which I do, places one outside that “mainstream” and one becomes ‘non sensible’.<\/p>\n But that so-called mainstream has seen the electoral fortunes of these formerly progressive political parties dramatically decline in most nations over the last decades. Trump is a product of that decline. Social democracy was never about neoliberalism, which is what these views about fiscal policy echo.<\/p>\n Another reason not to vote for the ALP at the upcoming election.<\/p>\n I am also reliably informed that the ALP is getting economic advice from the person who wrote this piece of lies – Printing more money isn’t the answer to all economic ills<\/a> – which just goes to show where the “sensible social democratic mainstream” has gone to.<\/p>\n Another reason not to vote for the ALP at the upcoming election.<\/p>\n I am speaking tonight at a Climate Action Newcastle event at the Croatian Wickham Sports Club from 18:30. The event is to raise some funds to keep the community club going (it is in dire financial trouble) – it is a valuable community asset.<\/p>\n I will be talking MMT (of course), Green New Deal and answering questions.<\/p>\n Appropriately, it is May Day and a time for celebration for all Left-thinking people, even those confused Marxists.<\/p>\n More details are available on my – Events Page<\/a>.<\/p>\n Today I dug out an album that I haven’t listened to for a little while. It is the 2003 album from Mighty Sam McClain<\/a> – One More Bridge To Cross<\/strong>.<\/p>\n It is a somewhat unknown album and was recorded in early August 2002 in the Cedarhouse Sound & Mastering studio in New Hampshire<\/p>\n The song is – Dont leave me behind<\/em> – and is standard electric guitar-driven soul-blues that McClain specialises in.<\/p>\n His career goes back to late 1950s when he sang alongside Otis Redding, Solomon Burke, Bobby Bland etc. But it wasn’t until the 1990s that his profile became more well-known (and when I cottoned on to him).<\/p>\n He began singing in a Gospel church choir in Louisiana and has had a tough life in the South of the USA.<\/p>\nWhy no-one should consider voting for the Australian Labor Party in the May election<\/h2>\n
Tonight – Climate Action Newcastle Presentation<\/h2>\n
Music as I typed today …<\/h2>\n